Lack of participation in development

Development programmes may be made ineffective due to lack of understanding and cooperation on the part of the 'common man'. Such lack of participation may stem from community, religious and social prejudice or from inadequate information and communication on the part of the development planners. Elitism and bureaucratic corruption may stultify natural tendencies towards participation, and unsuitable development programmes may also contribute to an unfavourable response.

The problem of general participation in development programmes has been recognized from the outset by planners and has often been cited as the reason for the failure of certain projects.

1. Non-participation
2. Inappropriate design of development projects

1. Unsuitability of development projects for available labour
2. Thwarted community enthusiasm
3. Neglect of the role of women in rural development
4. Lack of participation in local welfare programmes
5. Lack of participation by local communities in democratic processes
6. Disengagement of citizens from community activities
7. Difficulty of implementing development programmes

1. Underutilization of potential in local communities
2. Obsolete basis of cultural identity
3. Inappropriate development policy
4. Failure of development programmes
5. Deficient social planning

1. Unethical practices relating to development
2. Refusal to participate
3. Lack of worker participation in business decision-making
4. Lack of education
5. Lack of coordination
6. Ineffectiveness of foreign aid
7. Inadequate access of indigenous peoples to international decision-making processes
8. Elitism
9. Bureaucracy as an organizational disease

1. Dictatorship of the majority

1. Fostering popular participation in development
2. Abstaining from participation in development

1. Lack