Inadequate maternal and child health care

General health care may be underemphasized in promotion of family planning and family planning education, and this may discourage acceptance of the practice. Inadequacy of available contraceptive methods to overcome discomfort or other side-effects, and insufficient medical follow-up on this, may also lead to a rejection of the idea as a whole. The health risks related to pregnancy often go unstated. The fact that general health care is not emphasized in family planning makes the task of overcoming religious and societal taboos much harder, and provides no counterweight to the arguments in favour of large families as a means of insurance against sickness and old age.

[Developing countries]

Every year in Africa and Asia alone, half a million women die from pregnancy, childbirth and after-birth effects – leaving behind over 1 million motherless children.

[Industrialized countries]

In 1989 it was estimated that 16% of USA women who give birth have inadequate prenatal care – increasing to 33% for unmarried or teenage mothers, 30% for Hispanic women, and 27% for black women.

1. Being pregnant, giving birth and breast feeding are exhausting processes for a woman's body. If the recovery time is too short, health pays the price. Infants are more likely to be malnourished. Mothers suffer from anaemia, toxaemia and plain exhaustion. Babies are prone to low birth weights and the consequent 20 times greater risk of death in infancy. The age of the mother, as well as the frequency of birth, also links family planning to health. Outside the age band 20-35, there is a higher incidence of unwanted pregnancy, a higher risk to the mother, and a higher rate of mortality among the infants born. And roughly one-third of all births in the world are to mothers younger than 20 or older than 35.

2. Merging family planning with health services helps to avoid duplicating personnel and administration where resources are scarce; it helps in the many cases where contraceptives themselves have adverse effects on health; it helps that there is a relationship of trust between people and their health workers. But most important of all, family planning is "one of the numbers in the code which releases the combination lock of community health".

1. Inadequate primary health care
2. Inadequate family planning education

1. Tetanus
2. Lack of child welfare institutions
3. Inappropriate infant feeding strategies
4. Inadequate and insufficient immunization

1. Substance abuse during pregnancy and breast-feeding
2. Stretch marks
3. Protein-energy malnutrition in infants and early childhood
4. Premature birth
5. Pregnancy disorders
6. Neglected young children
7. Negative effects of maternity
8. Maternal mortality
9. Infant mortality
10. Health hazards of artificial birth control
11. Foetal malformation in diabetic pregnancies
12. Diarrhoea in children
13. Birth injuries

1. Understaffed health clinics
2. Social service inconsistencies
3. Resistance to incorporating midwives in medical care systems
4. Overcrowded public clinics
5. Male bias of medicine
6. Ignorance of women concerning primary health care
7. Discrimination against unmarried mothers
8. Denial of right of family planning
9. Dehumanization of health care

1. Perinatal mortality

1. Inadequate child welfare
2. Inadequate child day-care facilities
3. Excessive medical intervention in childbirth

1. Understanding initial phase of human development
2. Providing mother/child care
3. Encouraging family planning schemes
4. Educating about women's health
5. Assuring family health care
6. Advancing family planning
7. Abstaining from prenatal care

1. Unreliability
2. Lack
3. Inadequacy
4. Health
5. Care