Protecting against overseas imports

Protection has been used for: maintaining employment; slowing the pace of adjustment; preserving the incomes of certain groups; preserving key industries; supporting new (high technology) industries; using protection as a lever to open markets.

1. < In all cases protection has been shown to be ineffective and the problem better addressed in other ways.

1. Protecting vulnerable countries
2. Protecting international trade
3. Protecting against vulnerability
4. Promoting indigenous development
5. Protecting-Endangering

1. Using import protection as export promotion
2. Refusing foreign imports
3. Protecting strategic industries
4. Protecting industry to maintain jobs
5. Protecting against cheap manufactured products
6. Lowering competition from low-wage countries

1. Tightening export controls
2. Slowing pace of structural adjustment
3. Exporting goods and services
4. Encouraging new economic enterprises
5. Developing construction materials industry
6. Compensating for loss of trade

1. Importing

1. Reducing protectionism in international trade

1. Evaluating effects of world trade agreements on trade defence instruments

1. Vulnerability of economies to import penetration
2. Trade barriers against developing countries

1. Vulnerability
2. Invulnerability
3. Foreign