Improving participation


  • Reducing underparticipation
  • Expanding participation
  • Promoting participation

Context

Participation as a deepened form of democracy is one very common use of the word. In the Skeffington report from the UK called 'People and Planning', a central passage states that participation is '...the act of sharing in the formulation of policies and proposals. Participation involves doing as well as talking, and there will be full participation only when the public is able to take an active part throughout the plan-making process...' The 'Guide to Effective Participation', developed in a research project by the Rowntree Foundation in the UK, describes a five-rung ladder of participation: (1) information (merely telling people what is planned); (2) consultation (offering some options, listening to feedback, but not allowing new ideas); (3) deciding together (encouraging additional options and ideas, and providing opportunities for joint decision-making); (4) acting together (different interests deciding together what is best and forming a partnership to carry it out); (5) supporting independent community interests (whereby local groups or organizations are offered funds, advice or other support to develop their own agenda within guidelines).

Narrower

  1. Strengthening role of indigenous communities for sustainable development
  2. Reducing underparticipation of countries in the communications industry
  3. Recognizing major non-governmental groups as key partners in implementing Agenda 21
  4. Promoting participation of women in non-government organizations
  5. Promoting participation of women in cultural development
  6. Promoting participation of the disabled in family life
  7. Participating as local communities in democratic processes
  8. Involving stakeholders in management decisions
  9. Increasing tenant participation in housing
  10. Increasing individual responsibility
  11. Improving procedures for NGO participation in United Nations meetings
  12. Improving participation and empowerment of the poor
  13. Improving NGO participation in Agenda 21 review and evaluation
  14. Fostering popular participation in development
  15. Expanding social participation of women
  16. Ensuring social participation
  17. Ensuring resident participation
  18. Ensuring participation of developing countries in international research
  19. Enhancing creative community participation
  20. Eliciting creative participation
  21. Broadening participation in culture


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