Adopting planning approaches serving multiple goals

Two dimensions to the integration of plans may be distinguished: ensuring a relationship between strategic plans and medium-range plans, and between medium-range plans and short-range plans; and ensuring a relationship between all the plans concerned with a particular time frame.

This strategy features in the framework of Agenda 21 as formulated at UNCED (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), now coordinated by the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development and implemented through national and local authorities. In the context of integrating environment and development in decision-making, Agenda 21 recommends adopting flexible and integrative planning approaches that allow the consideration of multiple goals and enable adjustment of changing needs. Integration of plans is facilitated by developing both quantitative and qualitative plans, thus permitting cross-references among functions, interrelating levels of planning, and providing cross-checks for evaluations. Numerous methods of integrating plans exist, but the most universally used basis for translating strategic plans into actions is a budgeting, or cost-benefit, system. Within the context of sustainable development, integrative area approaches at the ecosystem or watershed level can assist in this approach.

1. Serving
2. Planning for sustainability
3. Planning
4. Managing resources holistically
5. Improving planning and management systems
6. Establishing inclusive planning framework
7. Adopting

1. Using integrated approaches to environmental infrastructure in informal settlements
2. Using cost-benefit analysis
3. Providing public information on integrated plant nutrient programmes
4. Preparing sustainable development plans
5. Planning integrated food plant nutrient programmes
6. Interdisciplinary planning
7. Integrating water resources management in national development plans
8. Integrating urban development
9. Integrating transport, environment and health policies
10. Integrating small scale artisanal fisheries development in marine planning
11. Integrating population programmes in environment and development plans
12. Integrating planning of action against problems
13. Integrating local planning in education curricula in small islands
14. Integrating environmental and economic decision-making
15. Integrating energy management
16. Integrating disaster prevention into development planning
17. Integrating biotechnologies for plants, animals and forest resources
18. Integrating biodiversity concerns into development project planning
19. Instituting integrated management of water catchments
20. Implementing integrated coastal development plans
21. Establishing budgetary planning
22. Developing national strategies for the integrated control of communicable diseases
23. Developing environmental health action plans
24. Adopting strategic frameworks to integrate environment and development goals
25. Adopting environmental codes of conduct for business

1. Strategic planning
2. Regional planning
3. Establishing long-range development plans
4. Cooperating in industry

1. Using policy analysis
2. Gaming in decision-making

1. Deficient social planning

1. Selfishness
2. Integration