In all countries of the world, developed as well as developing, the loss or underutilization, of human resources is both substantial, and detrimental to development. Examples include: the vast number of marginally or seasonally employed; the small number of women gainfully employed; the number of graduates working on "fringe" jobs rather than being engaged in significant enterprises; the exodus of youth from rural to urban areas in an unsuccessful search for livelihood; the disintegrating economic situation which forces many parents to use their children as farm labourers or in other tasks, thus seriously limiting their educational opportunities.