Restrictions on technology research and development

Restricting the acquiring party either in undertaking research and development directed to absorb and adapt the transferred technology to local conditions or in initiating research and development programmes in connection with new products, processes or equipment.

1. Restrictive business practices

1. Inadequate capacity for technology assessment
2. Gap between industry and the universities

1. Over-specialization in technology

1. Resistance to new methods
2. Inadequate research and development capacity

1. Tying of supplies to subsidiaries by transnational enterprises
2. Trade restrictions due to voluntary export restraints
3. Restrictive cross-licensing agreements
4. Restrictive business practices relating to publicity
5. Restrictive business practices limiting challenges to validity
6. Restrictions on use of personnel
7. Restrictions on technology adaptations
8. Imposition of payment obligations after expiration of industrial property rights
9. Grant-back provisions
10. Exclusive sales and representation agreements in transfer of technology
11. Exclusive dealing arrangements
12. Collusive tendering

1. Restricting technology research and development
2. Obstructing product research
3. Enhancing scientific and technological research

1. Restriction
2. Obstruction