Multiplicity of languages in a national setting

Within some countries several languages are in use. This language diversity leads to a variety of difficulties: retardation of political and economic development; aggravation of political sectionalism; hindrance to inter-group cooperation, national unity and multinational cooperation; hindrance to political enculturation, political support for the authorities and the regime, and political participation. This reduces governmental effectiveness and political stability, reduces occupational mobility, decreases efficiency and prevents the diffusion of innovative techniques.