Although industry now assumes a crucial position in the development strategies of all but the very poor and small developing countries, lack of resources, shortage of skilled manpower, insufficient integration and balance within the industrial structure, unsatisfactory technological progress and infrastructural bottlenecks continue to be major constraints on industrial supply capabilities in many developing countries. Given population growth rates, a five to tenfold increase in manufacturing output will be needed just to raise developing-world consumption of manufactured goods to industrialized world levels by the time population growth rates level off in the next century. Though there is scope for further expansion of demand in the major importing countries for the manufactured exports of developing countries, there are difficult supply capacity problems that remain to be resolved.