In the UK, up until 1992, the government did not disclose the private financial links between all its senior scientific advisers and the food, chemical and pharmaceutical companies that they regulate. It was therefore unclear how independent such advisers were in approving food additives, pesticides, medicines and techniques such as irradiation and genetic engineering of foodstuffs. For example 3 of 11 members of the advisory committee on pesticides had financial links with chemical companies.