There is occurring major increases in women in the economic labour force. Across the North and South women are increasingly working outside of the home, admittedly first at the lowest paid jobs.
Mainstream economic perspectives, ranging from conservative liberal (neoclassical) to social liberal/social democratic approaches, to Marxian analyses are all inclined to make use of paradigms which privilege the market place and therefore produce bias against women. However, commentaries upon these frameworks, whether they arise out of discussion of women's waged work or women's domestic labour, typically just note women's exclusion from or marginality within economic categories, concepts and methods. An alternative perspective is almost never expounded, even by feminists. Even less likely to be recognized is the emotional and sexual labour provided by women. It is likely therefore that very narrowly constructed conceptions of economic citizenship are replacing rather than complementing the broader conceptions of social and political citizenship which the suffragists won for women a century ago.