Transparency International was established by a former official of the World Bank disgusted by the corruption he witnessed in Latin America and Africa. TI coaxes companies to stop paying kickbacks and bribes; and officials to stop receiving them. Members of TI will promote "standards of conduct", though they will not have to keep them from the start. The aim is to target and then monitor reform-minded governments and crate "islands of integrity": countries whose official abjure bribery in the hope of shaming other into doing the same.