A highly developed forest industry based on intensive forest utilization occurs in boreal Scandinavian countries and Finland. About 95% of the productive forest types of Finland and the Scandinavian countries have been harvested at least once. A substantial amount of the national incomes of Finland, Sweden, and Norway is derived directly or indirectly from forest products. In Finland strict nature reserves, national parks, and designated wilderness areas total about 6.5% of the country, including large amounts of marginal forest, woodland, and tundra.
About one fifth of Sweden's exports are lumber or wood products, and in recent years Sweden produced about 7 percent of the world's wood pulp. Swedish forestry is highly mechanized and relies on various intensive measures such as short rotations, drainage of marginal peatland sites, and thinning. According to Swedish Environmental Protection Agency between 10 and 15 per cent of the species in the Swedish forests are threatened. Less than three per cent of the Swedish forest area is protected, but most of it is concentrated in marginal forest types in the mountains. Below this region only 0.4 per cent is protected.