Vulnerability to long-term changes in precipitation patterns

During the last 30-40 years precipitation has increased in the higher latitude zones (35-70 degrees N), but has decreased in the lower latitudes.

1. Vulnerability to long-term climate cycles
2. Vulnerability of arid developing countries

1. Retreating snow lines
2. Increased surface runoff
3. Inadequate groundwater recharge

1. Inadequate rainfall
2. Excessive rainfall
3. Inadequate drought control

1. Human-caused climate change

1. Adapting to climate change