Unnecessary health system referrals

An Australian study (2020) compared how the lifetime risk of five cancers had changed between 1982 and 2012. It found that people are increasingly being diagnosed with cancers that will do them no harm if left undetected or untreated, exposing them to unnecessary surgeries and chemotherapy. The figures suggest that in 2012, 24 per cent of cancers or carcinomas in men were overdiagnosed. These included 42 per cent of prostate cancers, 42 per cent of renal cancers, 73 per cent of thyroid cancers and 58 per cent of melanomas. For women, 18 per cent of cancers or carcinomas were overdiagnosed, including 22 per cent of breast cancers, 58 per cent of renal cancers, 73 per cent of thyroid cancers and 58 per cent of melanomas.

1. Unethical practices of health services
2. Fraud
3. Abuse of health welfare benefits

1. Overprescription of drugs
2. Medical treatment for non-medical conditions
3. Fraudulent medical referrals

1. Inadequate primary health care
2. Inadequate health services

1. Surplus of medical doctors
2. Fragmentation of health service
3. Fictitious disorders
4. Commercialization of medical practice

1. Prohibitive cost of insurance

1. Unnecessary surgery

1. Insuring health

1. Unnecessary
2. Health
3. Fraud
4. Dubious