Restrictive macro-economic policies

The setback to development in the 1980s was largely induced by the deflationary external economic environment resulting from the restrictive macro-economic policies of the major market economy countries. Such policies did not even serve the interests of those countries, which had reduced inflation, but had triggered high unemployment rates, external imbalances, growing trade tensions and, above all, negative growth rates. It was however the developing countries that were hardest hit, particularly the poorest and least developed. For them the crisis meant collapsing commodity prices, worsening terms of trade, intensified protectionist and discriminatory measures, contracting financial flows, unstable exchange rates and monetary markets, and the burgeoning debt problem.

1. Major industrialized countries have become increasingly aware of the greater need for the coordination of their macro-economic policies. The interrelationship between commodities, trade, monetary and financial policies, together with the gravity of the debt problem, is now acknowledged.

1. Restrictive practices
2. Inappropriate policies

1. Restrictive conditions on loans through intergovernmental facilities
2. Restrictions on foreign access to capital bond markets
3. Parochial monetary agreements
4. Monetarism
5. Limited availability of loans
6. Interference of transnational banks' off-shore borrowing with domestic monetary policies
7. Domination of restrictive project loans by transnational banks
8. Domestic market restrictions
9. Discriminatory exchange rate policies

1. Global economic stagnation
2. Economic inflation
3. Deterioration of development process

1. Incompatibility of rural values in urban cultures

1. Unethical practices in economics
2. Restrictive effects of external capital on development

1. Restricting macro-economic policies
2. Increasing international economic cooperation

1. Uneconomic
2. Restriction
3. Nonrestrictive