The difficulties faced by developing countries in securing a substantial increase in their share of world industrial production and trade emanate principally from a combination of mutually reinforcing constraints and handicaps, relating particularly to: inappropriate industrialization and commercial policies in the developing countries themselves; barriers erected by governments of developed market-economy countries to exports from developing countries, and lack of adequate policies to assist long-term restructuring of their industries so as to facilitate rather than restrict industrial imports from developing countries; practices of business enterprises, including intra-firm arrangements of transnational corporations, which unduly restrict the ability of developing countries to expand and diversify their exports of manufactures; lack of adequate technological basis in the developing countries and excessive dependence therein on expensive and inadequate foreign technology; inadequacy of mechanisms to develop new and expand existing flows of trade among developing countries themselves; and insufficient measures to expand trade between developing countries and the socialist countries of eastern Europe.