Cranio-facial defects

Of all craniofacial defects, 25% are attributed (at least partially) to environmental factors such as smoking, heavy alcohol or drug use, toxic metals and maternal infection (such as salmonella or rubella) during pregnancy. About 75% of all craniofacial defects are linked to genetic factors.

1. Facial disfigurement

1. Overbite
2. Congenital anomalies of cranium and face bones
3. Cleft palate
4. Anomalous tooth position
5. Anomalies of the jaw
6. Alveolar ridge atrophy
7. Abnormalities of tooth development and eruption

1. Tension headaches
2. Temperomandibular joint disorder
3. Speech disorders

1. Diseases of the mouth and jaw

1. Injury
2. Deficiency
3. Anomaly